Not a stupid question at all
Before I read TCOYF and started charting and everything I had no clue about this either!
Basically - you ovulate on one day, and the egg can only live for a day. So there is only one day you can actually conceive. However, sperm can live for up to 5 days, so there is a window of when you can have sex to conceive.
Therefore - people who are charting and know what day they ovulated can tell exactly what day the egg was fertilized. For people who aren't charting, most doctors just base it on the 'perfect 28 day cycle' with an ovulation date of CD 14.
Something else I never understood is how only two weeks after ovulation you are 4 weeks pregnant - that is based on that 'perfect 28 day cycle' as well. Assuming you ovulate on CD 14, the cycle started two weeks before you ovulate, so two weeks after you ovulate is 4 weeks.